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PARAPHRASE

1.      Artificial Languages

Since the time of Descartes, it is estimated that no fewer than five hundred attempts have been made to create artificial languages for international use. The most successful by far has been Esperanto, a language constructed around the end of the nineteenth century by Dr. Zamenhof of Poland. Esperanto is a language that is extremely easy to learn and speak, with its words drawn mainly from English, German, the Romance languages, Latin and Greek.

A more recent arrival on the international scene is Interlingua, scientifically constructed by a group of language experts out of Latin, the Romance languages and English. But whereas Esperanto has a large body of people who actually speak it scattered throughout the world, Interlingua has not yet achieved much popularity (Pei 175 – 176)

2.      Artificial Languages - Objections

The main objection to constructed languages, like Esperanto of Interlingua, is that they have not developed all the thought-carrying machinery and shades of meaning that natural languages have had a chance to work out for themselves over a period of many centuries; also, the artificial languages presented so far lean too heavily in the direction of the western European and American nations, and carry to little in the way of Slavic, Asiatic, and African words and habits of thought (Pei 176)

3.      Americans

Despite its ethnic diversity, the United States has managed to absorb bits and pieces of many cultures and weave them into a unique culture that is strikingly consistent and distinct. You can pick out Americans anyplace in the world, often very quickly, because of their behavior. Among their most observable traits are openness, friendliness, informality, optimism, creativity, loudness, and vitality (Hall and Hall 140)

4.      The Work Ethic of Americans and Europeans

Europeans often observe that Americans schedule everything except time for relaxation. This is particularly true of American executives, who drive themselves hard, often at the expense of their families and their health. Americans have fewer holidays and take shorter vacations than do Europeans. In the opinion of many German and French executives, American executives are obsessed with work; they’re workaholics. Most Europeans do not accept working on weekends or holidays; they reserve these times for themselves and their families (Hall in Hall 145).

SUMMARY

A Less Social Society Becoming Shy

Growing number of those people standing silently in line at the automatic teller machine (ATM) or pumping their own self-service gas are probably victims of America’s silent, anonymous epidemic. They are shy-and the rapid technological and social changes rippling through America are increasing their numbers rapidly, says the world’s pioneering researcher into shyness… the increasing numbers of shy people mean Americans are lonelier, more alienated, and in worse shape, both mentally and physically. That is hardly a prescription for a healthy society. (Epstein A1)

Stanford university professor Philip G. Zimbardo places the blame for the rising tide of shyness on three factors.  First, automation, as exemplified by ATMs and self-service gas pumps that take credit cards, “robs many of us of one more small opportunity for social contact.” Second, the revolution in personal computers and home electronic entertainment means couch potatoes and cyber-surfers have less reason for social interaction. “E-mail means you don’t have to talk to people, even over the telephone,” Zimbardo commented. Third, the changing nature of family life and rising fear of crime are shutting people off from each other. “You don’t see kids in the streets anymore. All play is organized for them, so they don’t develop the give-and –take and the leadership skills of the play ground,” he warned. With some 50 percent of marriages ending in divorce and with most parents working, children are robbed of the nurturing communication they once enjoyed with their parents and extended families. (qtd. In Epstein A10)